Understanding High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
High blood pressure — also called hypertension — happens when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high.
What is Blood Pressure?
Blood pressure is measured using two numbers:
- Systolic (top number): The pressure when your heart beats.
- Diastolic (bottom number): The pressure when your heart rests between beats.
A normal reading is generally around 120/80 mmHg.
High blood pressure is usually defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher on repeated measurements.
Why High Blood Pressure Matters
Over time, extra pressure damages blood vessels and strains the following organs:
- Heart
- Brain
- Kidneys
- Eyes
This increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss.
Because it often has no obvious symptoms, it is called the “silent killer.”
Symptoms of High Blood Pressure
Most of the time, there are no symptoms — which is why regular check-ups are vital.
However, during a hypertensive crisis (extremely high blood pressure), symptoms may include:
- Severe headache
- Blurred vision or vision changes
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain or tightness
- Nosebleeds
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Nausea or vomiting
Important: The absence of symptoms does not mean your blood pressure is normal. The only way to know for sure is to check it regularly.
Causes of High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure can develop from a mix of lifestyle, health, and genetic factors. It is categorized into two main types:
1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension
The most common type, developing slowly over years without a single specific cause.
Risk factors include:
- Family history of high blood pressure
- Aging (less flexible arteries)
- Being overweight or obese
- Lack of physical activity
- High salt (sodium) intake
- Excessive alcohol use
- Chronic stress
- Smoking
2. Secondary Hypertension
This type is caused by another medical condition or medication. It often appears suddenly and readings are usually higher than in primary hypertension.
Possible causes include:
- Kidney disease
- Hormonal disorders (thyroid problems, Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal gland tumors)
- Certain medications
Key Takeaway
High blood pressure may be silent, but its effects are dangerous. Regular monitoring, healthy lifestyle choices, and early treatment can help protect your health.
